APA+Citation+Style

APA Citation Style


 * APA Citation Style **

The last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point. from theory on bounded rationality ** (Simon, 1945) ** If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative, cite only missing information in parentheses.
 * Reference Citations in Text **
 * 1. Works by a single author **
 * Simon (1945) ** posited that

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. In parenthetical material join the names with an ampersand (&). as has been shown ** (Leiter & Maslach, 1998) ** In the narrative text, join the names with the word "and." as ** Leiter and Maslach (1998) ** demonstrated When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the year of publication.
 * 2. Works by multiple authors **
 * Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) ** found
 * Kahneman et al. (1991) ** found

The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference. When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the Reference List without difficulty.
 * 3. Works by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc. **
 * (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007) **
 * (NIMH, 2007) **

When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.
 * 4. Works with no author **
 * on climate change ("Climate and Weather," 1997) **
 * // Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices //**** (1981) **

Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date.
 * on climate change (Anonymous, 2008) **

To cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include the page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation. If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as Web-based journals), provide the paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation "para." or the heading and following paragraph.
 * 5. Specific parts of a source **
 * (Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96) **
 * De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem to be reaching ... from the hands of philosophers" (p. 218). **
 * (Mönnich & Spiering, 2008, para. 9) **

References cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a Reference List or bibliography. This list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online. ** See the [|APA Style Guide to Electronic References] for information on how to format URLs that take up more than one line. References to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers. Ku, G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in escalation of commitment.//Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes//, //105//(2), 221-232. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002
 * Reference List **
 * ** Order: ** Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.
 * ** Authors: ** Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work. e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.
 * ** Titles: ** Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.
 * ** Pagination: ** Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. These abbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.
 * ** Indentation*: ** The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".
 * ** Underlining vs. Italics*: ** It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books and journals.
 * ** Internet Address**: ** A stable Internet address should be included and should direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital object identifier (DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-based databases, use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from.
 * ** Date: ** If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of a journal article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article, include the date that you retrieved the information.
 * * ** The APA has special formatting standards for the use of indentation and italics in manuscripts or papers that will be typeset or submitted for official publication. For more detailed information on these publication standards, refer to the [|Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association], or consult with your instructors or editors to determine their style preferences.
 * __ Examples: __**
 * 1. Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapers **
 * 2. Journal article, one author, accessed online **

Sanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities consultation and outreach strategies for university settings. //Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research//, //59//(4), 286-295. doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286
 * 3. Journal article, two authors, accessed online **

Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past. //American Psychologist//, //63//(3), 182-196. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182
 * 4. Journal article, more than two authors, accessed online **

Hirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright restoration, and the difficulty of determining copyright status. //D-Lib Magazine//, //14//(7/8). doi:10.1045/july2008-hirtle
 * 5. Article from an Internet-only journal **

Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worth billions. //Fortune//, //158//(2), 73-79. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, EBSCO. Retrieved from [|http://search.ebscohost.com]
 * 6. Journal article from a subscription database (no DOI) **

Kluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love. //Time//, //171//(4), 54-60.
 * 7. Magazine article, in print **

As prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May 5). //The Wall Street Journal//, p. A9.
 * 8. Newspaper article, no author, in print **

Delaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5). Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its online options. //The Wall Street Journal//, pp. A1, A12.
 * 9. Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in print **

References to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.
 * Books **
 * 1. No Author or editor, in print **

Kidder, T. (1981). //The soul of a new machine//. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company.
 * 2. One author, in print **

Frank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). //Principles of macro-economics// (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
 * 3. Two authors, in print **

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). //Tasmanian year book 2000// (No. 1301.6). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. Retrieved from [|http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/CA2568710006989...] $File/13016_2000.pdf
 * 4. Corporate author, author as publisher, accessed online **

Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). //Children of color: Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth//. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
 * 5. Edited book **

References for dissertations should include the following elements: author, date of publication, title, and institution (if you accessed the manuscript copy from the university collections). If there is a UMI number or a database accession number, include it at the end of the citation.
 * Dissertations **

Young, R. F. (2007). //Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to sustainable cities//(Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 327681)
 * 1. Dissertation, accessed online **

References to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. Labajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in flamenco. In T. Magrini (Ed.), //Music and gender: perspectives from the Mediterranean// (pp. 67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
 * 2. Essays or chapters in edited books **
 * 3. One author **

Hammond, K. R., & Adelman, L. (1986). Science, values, and human judgment. In H. R. Arkes & K. R. Hammond (Eds.), //Judgement and decision making: An interdisciplinary reader// (pp. 127-143). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
 * 4. Two editors **

References for encyclopedias must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For sources accessed online, include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time.
 * 5. Encyclopedias or dictionaries and entries in an encyclopedia **

Sadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2002). //The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians//(2nd ed., Vols. 1-29). New York, NY: Grove.
 * 6. Encyclopedia set or dictionary **

Containerization. (2008). In //Encyclopædia Britannica//. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from http://search.eb.com
 * 7. Article from an online encyclopedia **

Kinni, T. B. (2004). Disney, Walt (1901-1966): Founder of the Walt Disney Company. In//Encyclopedia of Leadership// (Vol. 1, pp. 345-349). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
 * 8. Encyclopedia article **

References to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organization assigned a number (e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online, include the URL.
 * 9. Research reports and papers **

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005). //Medicaid drug price comparisons: Average manufacturer price to published prices// (OIG publication No. OEI-05-05- 00240). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-05-00240.pdf
 * 10. Government report, accessed online **

Congressional Budget Office. (2008). //Effects of gasoline prices on driving behavior and vehicle markets: A CBO study// (CBO Publication No. 2883). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/88xx/doc8893/01-14-GasolinePrices.pdf
 * 11. Government reports, GPO publisher, accessed online **

Deming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). //The lengthening of childhood// (NBER Working Paper 14124). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved July 21, 2008, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w14124
 * 12. Technical and/or research reports, accessed online **

Victor, N. M. (2008). //Gazprom: Gas giant under strain//. Retrieved from Stanford University, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Web site: http://pesd.stanford.edu/publications/gazprom_gas_giant_under_strain/
 * 13. Document available on university program or department site **

References to audio-visual media must include the following elements: name and function of the primary contributors (e.g., producer, director), date, title, the medium in brackets, location or place of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval ID, brackets are not needed. Achbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J. (Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer) (2004). //The corporation// [DVD]. Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation.
 * Audio-visual media **
 * 1. Videocassette/DVD **

Nhat Hanh, T. (Speaker). (1998). //Mindful living: a collection of teachings on love, mindfulness, and meditation// [Cassette Recording]. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Audio.
 * 2. Audio recording **

Gilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwriter/Director). (1980). //Nine to five// [Motion Picture]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.
 * 3. Motion picture **

Anderson, R., & Morgan, C. (Producers). (2008, June 20). //60 Minutes// [Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.
 * 4. Television broadcast **

Whedon, J. (Director/Writer). (1999, December 14). Hush [Television series episode]. In Whedon, J., Berman, G., Gallin, S., Kuzui, F., & Kuzui, K. (Executive Producers), //Buffy the Vampire Slayer//. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros..
 * 5. Television show from a series **

Jackson, M. (1982). Beat it. On //Thriller// [CD]. New York, NY: Sony Music.
 * 6. Music recording **

For content that does not easily fit into categories such as journal papers, books, and reports, keep in mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader a clear path to the source material. For electronic and online materials, include stable URL or database name. Include the author, title, and date published when available. For undated materials, include the date the resource was accessed.
 * Undated Web site content, blogs, and data **

Arrington, M. (2008, August 5). The viral video guy gets $1 million in funding. Message posted to http://www.techcrunch.com
 * 1. Blog entry **

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2008). //Biofuels//. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_biofuels.html
 * 2. Professional Web site **

Bloomberg L.P. (2008). //Return on capital for Hewitt Packard 12/31/90 to 09/30/08//. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2008, from Bloomberg database. Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Botswana. (2008). //Gross domestic product per capita 06/01/1994 to 06/01/2008// [statistics]. Available from CEIC Data database.
 * 3. Data set from a database **


 * 4. Entire Web site **

When citing an entire Web site (and not a specific document on that site), no Reference List entry is required if the address for the site is cited in the text of your paper. Witchcraft In Europe and America is a site that presents the full text of many essential works in the literature of witchcraft and demonology ( [] ).

For more detailed information on APA citation style such as information on articles in press, journal special issues and supplements, translations, et cetera, see the [|Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association] and the [|APA Style Guide to Electronic References].